Revisiting the Taxonomy and Distribution of Miniopterus (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae) Bats in China Based on an Integrated Molecular-Ecological-Morphological Approach

<i>Miniopterus fuliginosus</i>, <i>Miniopterus magnater</i>, and <i>Miniopterus pusillus</i> inhabit China. <i>M. fuliginosus</i> and <i>M. magnater</i> are similar in size, posing challenges for accurate classification. Additionally, the taxonomic statuses, distribution ranges, and taxonomic keys of these species remain controversial. To address these issues, we integrated molecular phylogenetic analyses, ensemble species distribution models, multiple morphological comparisons, and a decision tree algorithm to reassess their taxonomy and distribution in China. Mitochondrial <i>COI</i> gene phylogeny revealed three distinct monophyletic groups corresponding to <i>M. fuliginosus</i>, <i>M. magnater</i>, and <i>M. pusillus</i>. The observed distribution patterns indicated <i>M. fuliginosus</i> has a broad distribution across China, while <i>M. magnater</i> and <i>M. pusillus</i> exhibit a more restricted distribution, overlapping with <i>M. fuliginosus</i> in southern China. Cranial morphometrics revealed <i>M. magnater</i> is slightly larger than <i>M. fuliginosus</i> and significantly larger than <i>M. pusillus</i>. 3D skull geometric morphometrics highlighted distinct features for each species in the rostrum, braincase, tympanic bullae, and mandible shape. A decision tree algorithm identified forearm length, braincase breadth, and width across the third upper molars as the taxonomic keys to assist species identification. This study emphasizes the importance of integrative approaches for identifying Miniopterus species and demonstrates a methodological approach applicable to other cryptic species complexes.